Hamilton, Charles D., "The Hellenístic world", y Nathan Rosenstein, "Republican Rome", en Kurt Raañaub y Nathan Rosenstein (eds.), War and socieíy in the ancient and Medieval worlds. Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe and Mesoamerica, Washington, Center for
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Abstract
Más allá del predominio, primero griego, y luego romano, la historia de la antigüedad clásica puede dividirse en dos grandes periodos. El primero fue el de la polis, surgida en Grecia en la época oscura, en Fenicia, contemporáneamente y en la época arcaica en Italia, Sicilia y África. Este periodo duró hasta la formación de los estados territoriales, el primero de los cuales fue Macedonia, que derrotó a las polis griegas en 338. A partir de entonces, dominaron los estados territoriales macedonios y romanos hasta la erección de reinos bárbaros en Occidente (a partir de 410 d.C.) y el paulatino surgimiento del Imperio Bizantino en el Oriente (entre 324 d.C., fundación de Constantinopla, y 395 d.C., división definitiva del Imperio Romano entre Oriente y Occidente). A estos dos periodos corresponden sendos status de guerreros. En efecto, en el mundo de la polis predominaron los ejércitos
de hoplitas ciudadanos, mientras que en el de los estados territoriales, los ejércitos de mercenarios o de soldados profesionales armados a la ligera.
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